Mulono Apriyanto1*, Hermiza Mardesci1, Dita Fitriani2, Djono Albar Burhan2, K.M.S. Novyar Satriawan Fikri3
1 Master of Agricultural Science Study Program, Lancang Kuning University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Lancang Kuning University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
3 Faculty of Law, Indragiri Islamic University, Tembilahan, Indonesia
*Correspondence: E-mail: mulonoapriyanto71@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History:
Received 15 October 2025
Revised 23 November 2025
Accepted 29 November 2025
Published 2 December 2025
Keywords:
ISPO,
Palm Oil, Smallholder, Sustainability, Training.
Background: The Indonesian government implements the Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) standard to ensure environmentally responsible management of oil palm plantations. Compliance with ISPO is mandatory for both enterprises and independent smallholders involved in oil palm cultivation.
Aims: A training program was established to educate these smallholders in agricultural business practices in line with ISPO principles, integrating both theoretical classroom instruction and practical field experience.
Method: The training involved 45 participants, including 40 from the members of Farmer group and five independent non-member smallholders. Following this training, participants showed significant improvement in their understanding of farm business management metrics, including Equity Ratio (ER), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT), and Return on Equity (ROE), among others.
Results: The courses also covered essential ISPO principles such as Legal Compliance, Good Agricultural Practices, and Environmental Management. Evaluation of knowledge acquisition through written and oral assessments revealed a 95% increase in farmers' understanding of these management practices and ISPO criteria.
To cite this article: Apriyanto, M., Mardesci, H., Fitriani, D., Burhan, D. A., Fikri, K.M.S.N.S. (2025). Sustainable Palm Oil Management in the Tani Jaya Palm Oil Farmers Group, Rumbai Jaya Village. Indonesian Journal of Community Services Cel, 4(2), 64–69.
This article is under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Copyright ©2025 by author/s
Pendahuluan
Kelompok Tani Tani Palm Oil Desa Rumbai Jaya, Kecamatan Kempas, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir berkomitmen untuk memastikan bahwa pengembangan industri kelapa sawit tetap berkelanjutan dan memenuhi standar keberlanjutan Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) yang harus dipenuhi. Untuk memenuhi komitmen tersebut, Kelompok Tani Tani Tani Sawit Sawit bekerja sama dengan LPPM Universitas Islam Indragiri untuk melaksanakan pelatihan dan pengenalan manajerial untuk pertanian serta prinsip dan kriteria ISPO.
Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh petani swadaya dalam budidaya kelapa sawit adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang pengelolaan pertanian, seperti menggabungkan pendapatan dari perkebunan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. Dalam budidaya kelapa sawit berkelanjutan, petani swadaya menghadapi hambatan dalam penerapan kepatuhan hukum (seperti sertifikat budidaya), praktik perkebunan (seperti mendapatkan bibit bersertifikat), dan GAP (praktik aplikasi yang baik).
Seperti yang dimaksud oleh penelitian Gatti et al., 2019; Purnomo et al., 2024; Widiati et al., 2020; dan Yanita dan Ningsih, 2021, penilaian terhadap kemampuan petani swadaya dan inisiatif kinerja kompetensi yang ditargetkan terkait pengetahuan peningkatan bisnis berkelanjutan di Indragiri Hilir dalam memenuhi standar ISPO menunjukkan bahwa, sebagai akibat dari kurangnya pelatihan modular oleh konsultasi pertanian, kendala sepanjang rantai nilai, dan program Dalam konteks ISPO, Adopsi keterampilan peningkatan bisnis berkelanjutan yang sejalan dengan nilai-nilai yang ada, pengalaman masa lalu, dan kebutuhan dapat dipahami dan digunakan. Proses ini telah teruji untuk mempengaruhi perilaku petani (Apriyanto et al., 2022; Apriyanto, dkk., 2021; Nurhaliza et al., 2021; Rosnita et al., 2022).
Solusi yang diberikan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman petani swadaya tentang manajemen pertanian dan prinsip dan kriteria ISPO melalui pelatihan (Apriyanto, et al., 2021; Dharmawan et al., 2021). Tujuan kegiatan dicapai dalam tiga tahap. Pertama, karakteristik demografis dan infrastruktur ekonomi diidentifikasi. Hasilnya adalah pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang sifat-sifat unik yang dimiliki petani. Pada tahap kedua, diperlukan pengetahuan manajemen untuk meningkatkan keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat pertanian berkelanjutan. Pengetahuan manajemen ini meliputi: (i) tingkat pengeluaran tidak melebihi pendapatan, di mana laba dan pengeluaran seimbang selama periode waktu yang sama;
(ii) memiliki dana cadangan untuk beroperasi jika segala sesuatunya tidak berjalan sesuai rencana; dan (iii) rasio utang cenderung rendah. Hal ini menghasilkan petani yang lebih memahami pengetahuan tentang pertanian berkelanjutan. Pada tahap ketiga, dilakukan evaluasi kegiatan PKM. Tujuan dari evaluasi ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih jauh tentang pengetahuan dan praktik budidaya kelapa sawit. Untuk praktik evaluasi, evaluasi teoritis dilakukan secara lisan.
Methods
Kelompok Tani Tani Jaya, didukung oleh Dua Perguruan Tinggi, menunjukkan pengabdian kepada masyarakat melalui pelatihan dan penerbitan sertifikat ISPO. 45 petani swadaya yang menjadi anggota. PKM akan diselenggarakan pada bulan Oktober hingga Desember 2024. Metode pelatihan dan pengenalan pertanian berkelanjutan mempertimbangkan tiga aspek penting dari kegiatan pertanian: budidaya kelapa sawit, yang meliputi pemeliharaan, pemupukan dan panen sesuai dengan GAP; menyiapkan pemberian budidaya kelapa sawit, seperti sumber benih, waktu pemupukan, dan waktu panen; dan memberikan pelatihan manajemen pertanian, seperti menginformasikan Rasio Ekuitas (ER), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT), dan peternakan untuk Untuk mendukung komitmen mereka untuk mencapai pembangunan berkelanjutan industri kelapa sawit, PKM berupaya memberikan keterampilan kepada petani sawit swadaya terkait pertanian berkelanjutan. Hal ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap Standar Keberlanjutan Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (ISPO):
Tahap pertama
Mengidentifikasi karakteristik petani kelapa sawit swadaya. Tujuan identifikasi karakteristik ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah karakteristik tersebut mempengaruhi pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani swadaya sawit dalam melakukan kegiatan dan praktik pengelolaan pertanian berkelanjutan.
Tahap kedua:
Konseling dan kuliah pengetahuan manajerial untuk mendukung partisipasi dalam peningkatan kompetensi yang diperlukan oleh pertanian berkelanjutan tentang hal-hal berikut: (1) Tingkat Pengeluaran Tidak Melebihi Pendapatan, di mana laba dan pengeluaran seimbang selama periode waktu yang sama; (2) Memiliki Dana Cadangan untuk beroperasi jika hal-hal tidak berjalan sesuai rencana; dan (3) Rasio Utang Cenderung Rendah. Tujuannya agar petani lebih memahami pertanian berkelanjutan.
Tahap ketiga:
Setelah ujian, dilakukan evaluasi kegiatan pelatihan. Tes ini terdiri dari dua puluh pertanyaan teroti dan sepuluh pertanyaan praktis. Tes teori terdiri dari wawancara dan ujian tertulis, sedangkan tes praktik melibatkan tugas-tugas yang harus dilakukan oleh setiap peserta tes dalam tugas-tugas yang berkaitan dengan pemilihan benih, pemupukan, dan penanaman. Dengan menggunakan kuesioner, evaluasi pemahaman sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan dilakukan. Hasilnya dibagi menjadi tiga kategori: belum dipahami (skor < 60), dipahami (skor 61–79), dan dipahami (skor > 80)
Results and Discussion
The results of PKM training and introduction of ISPO certification for independent oil palm farmers are as follows:
First Stage
The age characteristics of independent oil palm farmers show that 90% of smallholders are of productive age; young or productive smallholders have a strong physique and high morale (Evalia et al., 2024). Education greatly affects the ability of farmers to do farming. The level of education in junior high and high schools is still dominated, which means that it is still at an adequate level of education (Hartono, 2020). As a result, the level of education affects farmers' ability
to manage their gardens and increase farmer group businesses. Farmer education can influence the way farmers manage their businesses; For example, farmers who receive higher education become more dynamic. The individual farmer can be shaped by the combination of these traits with his environmental elements. The behavior of farmers is influenced by their personality. Characteristics of farmers can express the need for knowledge related to sustainable management (Brandi, 2020; Kurnia et al., 2025) as presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Tabel 1. Characteristics of Trainees and ISPO Introduction
No Participant Characteristics
Male
Gender
Women
1 Age
25 years – 35 years old
15
25
36 years – 40 years old
0
10
> 41 years old
5
2 Education
SD (Elementary School)
0
0
SMP (Junior High School)
13
2
SMA (Senior High School)
22
3
Sarjana (Bachelor’s degree)
2
Pasca Sarjana (Master’s degree)
1
3 Planters experience
< 3 years
3
10
4 – 12 years
10
35
> 13 years old
5
0
4 Farmer institutions
Members of Tani Jaya Farmers Group
15
25
Non-members of Tani Jaya Farmers Group
5
In Table 1, it can be seen that the most farmers are between 25 – 35 years old as many as 30 people, this shows that independent smallholders are of productive age, the education of the most participants in high school is 25 people so that it is possible and easy to receive new knowledge, from the institution of 40 participants are members of the Jaya Farmers group and the experience of oil palm plantation varies from 4 – 12 years and around 27 people. The longer their experience, the more knowledge they have as experience in managing farming related to increasing sustainable businesses.
The average plant age is over 7 years, generally the older the life of oil palm plants, the higher the competence of farmers in managing the plantation so that it can be said that the life of the plant also affects the competence of farmers (Habibie et al., 2023; Priyanto et al., 2025; Vicki et al., 2021). The area of land, the number of trees, and the production also affect the competence of farmers in managing their gardens related to increasing sustainable businesses. The training on ISPO is theoretically carried out in the room, starting with collecting data on the characteristics of farmers, ISPO knowledge by the presenters. Theoretical activities continued with practice in the nursery by teaching about seed selection, planting methods, and fertilization as presented in Figure 2.
Tabel 2. Plant Conditions Belonging to Training Participants and Introduction to ISPO
No
Plant conditions
Remarks
1
Plant lifespan
< 3 years
2 ha
4 – 10 years
50 ha
> 10 years
8 ha
2
Land area owned
0.5 – 2 ha
20 people
2 – 5 ha
> 5 ha
15 people
5 people
Table 2 shows that the age of the plants owned by the participants is between 4 – 10 years, where this age is the productive age of oil palm plants, the land area owned by the participants is between 0.5 – 2 ha, this shows that the independent smallholders owned by the land are relatively low (Suhardjo & Suparman, 2025). Participants in the training and introduction to ISPO before training showed that most of them did not understand the principles and criteria of ISPO (Fadhillah et al., 2021; Yanita & Ningsih, 2020). After the refinement and introduction of ISPO there was an increase as presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Participants' understanding of ISP principles and criteria
No Plant conditions
<60
Before
61-79
>80
<60
After
61-79
>80
1 Legal Compliance
42
3
0
0
35
10
2 Implementation of Good Garden Practices
45
0
0
0
40
5
3 Environmental, Natural Resources, and Management
Biodiversity
43
2
0
0
33
12
4 Implementation of Transparency
41
4
0
0
30
15
5 Continuous Business Improvement
40
5
0
0
40
5
The level of knowledge of farmers related to ISPO knowledge, knowledge and completeness of documents on legality and plantation management, smallholder organization and plantation management, knowledge and management related to environmental management and monitoring, and knowledge about improving sustainable businesses (Pareira, 2023; Plantation, 2023).
3.2. Second Stage
This activity began with an introduction to the basics of farm management, including recording activities, bookkeeping the use of costs used in cultivation and determining the price of fresh fruit bunches. The managerial basis of this farming business shows how to book income. Then continued training on financial managerial which includes making sustainable farming records related to the measurement of aspects of Equity Ratio (ER), Total Asset Turn-Over Ratio (TAT), Farm to Non-farm Receipts Ratio (FNF), Liquidity Ratio (RL), Farm Business Payment Ratio (FPR), Return on Capital (ROC), Return on Equity (ROE), Total Gross Margin (TGM) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Implementation of Training in the Classroom Figure 2. Implementation of sustainable palm oil
practices
Managerial knowledge for participation in improving competencies is necessary for the creation of sustainable farming records by taking into account (Hamidi et al., 2024). The level of expenditure does not exceed income, Having a reserve fund to continue operating if things go unplanned, Positive growth of the cash balance by dividing the profits to be invested a little in farming and the rest to replenish the reserve fund, The level of debt ratio tends to be low (Wibowo et al., 2023).
Farmers' knowledge in making sustainable farming records related to the measurement of aspects of Equity Ratio (ER), Total Asset Turn-Over Ratio (TAT), Farm to Non-farm Receipts Ratio (FNF), Liquidity Ratio (RL), Farm Business Payment Ratio (FPR), Return on Capital/Return on Capital (ROC), Return on Equity (ROE), Total Gross Margin (TGM) as a whole is still unsatisfactory with the results presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Participant's Managerial Skills Before and After Training
No
Activities
Before
After
<60
61-79
>80
<60
61-79
>80
1.
Equity Ratio (ER)
40
5
0
0
35
10
2.
Total Aset Turn-Over Ratio (TAT)
45
0
0
0
40
5
3.
Farm to Non-farm Receipts Ratio (FNF)
40
4
1
0
43
2
4. Race Residue (RL)
35
9
1
0
39
6
5. Farmer Business Payment Ratio (FPR)
39
6
0
0
40
5
6. Return on Equity (ROE)
40
5
0
0
38
7
7. Total Gross Margin (TGM)
45
0
0
0
30
15
Table 4 shows that there has been an increase in understanding from all trainees so that the training and introduction of ISPO are successful. The participants turned out to have no managerial experience in oil palm plantation, so this training experienced initial obstacles in introducing and providing an explanation of the managerial of farmers and the terms (Rinaldi & Mashur, 2022).
3.3. Third Stage
The evaluation of PKM activities aims to determine the improvement of knowledge and practices of oil palm cultivation. Theoretical evaluation in written form for practice Evaluation is carried out orally. The results of the evaluation as presented in Table 3 and Table 4 show an increase in understanding from the participants. Evaluation of comprehension skills before and after training through questionnaires with results scored into 3 categories of not understanding (score < 60), understanding (score 61 – 79) and understanding (score > 80).
Tabel 5. Prsentase Peningkatan Kemampuan Peserta
Before
After
No
Activities
Don't understand
Understand
Percentage
Don't understand
Understand
Percentage
it yet
it yet
1
Farm Managerial
40
5
11,1%
0
45
100%
2
ISPO Principles
41
4
8.88%
2
43
95%
and Criteria
Table 5 shows that there was an increase in the understanding of all participants in farm business management from 11% to 100%, then in the principles and criteria of ISPO from 8.8% to 95%. Based on this data, it can be concluded that this activity has succeeded in providing an increase in understanding.
Kesimpulan
Ciri-ciri petani sawit mandiri mempengaruhi kompetensi dan pengetahuan petani dalam pertanian berkelanjutan setelah pelatihan, terjadi perubahan pemahaman, dari yang belum tahu untuk memahami dan memahami. Sehingga pelatihan tersebut secara signifikan mendorong pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani terkait aspek pengetahuan ISPO, pengetahuan dan kelengkapan legalitas dan dokumen pengelolaan perkebunan, pengetahuan organisasi pekebun dan pengelolaan perkebunan, pengetahuan pengelolaan dan pemantauan lingkungan, serta pengetahuan peningkatan bisnis berkelanjutan.
Ixapan terima kasih
Tim penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Lembaga Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Islam Indragiri dan Dinas Perkebunan Pemerintah Daerah Indragiri Hilir yang telah mendanai kegiatan pengabdian ini agar terlaksana dengan baik. Penulis juga menyampaikan terima kasih kepada ketua Kelompok Petani Kelapa Sawit Tani Jaya yang telah memfasilitasi anggota untuk mengikuti pelatihan dan pengenalan ISPO.
Authors Note
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Authors confirmed that the paper was free of plagiarism.
References
Apriyanto, M., Azhar, A., Satriawan Fikri, K. N., & Puspitasari, F. (2022). The Legality Of Cultivated Palm Oil, Research On The Readiness Of Small Holder Farmers In Indonesia To Produce Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) Is Reviewed. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 3(2), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v3i2.56
Apriyanto, M., Fikri, K. N. S., & Azhar, A. (2021). Sosialisasi Konsep Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan Di Kecamatan Batang Tuaka, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. PaKMas: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(1), 08–14. https://doi.org/10.54259/pakmas.v1i1.24
Apriyanto, M., Partini, Mardesci, H., Syahrantau, G., & Yulianti. (2021). The Role of Farmers Readiness in the Sustainable Palm Oil Industry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1764(1), 012211. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/1764/1/012211
Brandi, C. (2020). The Changing Landscape of Sustainability Standards in Indonesia: Potentials and Pitfalls of Making Global Value Chains More Sustainable. In Sustainability Standards and Global Governance (pp. 133–144). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3473-7_8
Dharmawan, A. H., Mardiyaningsih, D. I., Rahmadian, F., Yulian, B. E., Komarudin, H., Pacheco, P., Ghazoul, J., & Amalia,
R. (2021). The Agrarian, Structural and Cultural Constraints of Smallholders’ Readiness for Sustainability Standards Implementation: The Case of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil in East Kalimantan. Sustainability, 13(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052611
Evalia, N. A., Teapon, R. R. H., Purba, K. F., Rumkel, N., & Hayati, P. K. D. (2024). The Synergy between SDGs and Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil in Realising Sustainable Oil Palm Development in South Halmahera, Indonesia. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 80(2), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.80.2.34761
Gatti, R. C., Liang, J., Velichevskaya, A., & Zhou, M. (2019). Sustainable palm oil may not be so sustainable. Science of The Total Environment, 652(Febuari), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.222
Fadhillah, S. N., Rosnita, R., & Dewi, N. (2021). Peran Penyuluhan Pada Persiapan Peremajaan Kelapa Sawit Petani Swadaya Sesuai Konsep ISPO di Kabupaten Rokan Hulu. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 17(3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.20956/jsep.v17i3.13534
Habibie, D. K., Darwin, M., & Suharko. (2023). The Dynamics of The Role Oil Palm Smallholders in Implementing ISPO Certification: Looking Back to Moving Forward. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1268(1), 012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1268/1/012042
Hamidi, M. R., Hadi, S., & Septya, F. (2024). Analisis Pembiayaan Sertifikasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) Oleh Pekebun Kelapa Sawit Swadaya Di Kabupaten Pelalawan. JAS (Jurnal Agri Sains), 8(2), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.36355/jas.v8i2.1605
Hartono. (2020). Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir Dalam Angka 2020. In BPS Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir.
Kurnia, A., Nugroho, A., Anhar, A., & Hamid, A. H. (2025). Level of Readiness for Implementing ISPO Certification on Smallholder Palm Oil Plantations Compared with ISPO Certified Plantations in Aceh. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1477(1), 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1477/1/012008
Nurhaliza, N., Rosnita, R., & Dewi, N. (2021). Peran Penyuluh Dalam Penerapan Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) Pada Petani Kelapa Sawit Swadaya Di Kabupaten Kampar. JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics), 14(3),
311. https://doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v14i3.25705
Priyanto, T., Apriyanto, M., & Ariyanto, A. (2025). Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Palm Oil in Seberida Village. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan, 12(3), 2098–2105.
Purnomo, E. P., Khairunnisa, T., Prabawa, W. G., & Lestari, R. (2024). Community For Sustainable Development “Strategi Dan Tatakelola Baru Yang Berkelanjutan Bagi Pembangunan Daerah Melalui Komunitas.” books.google.com.
Rinaldi, A., & Mashur, D. (2022). Strategi Asosiasi Petani Sawit Swadaya Amanah Dalam Pengelolaan Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Ukui. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(22), 200–209.
Rosnita, R., Andriani, Y., Yulida, R., Hadi, S., & Septya, F. (2022). Persepsi Petani Kelapa Sawit Pola Swadaya Dalam Penerapan Indonesia Sustainabilty Palm Oil ( ISPO Di Kabupaten Kampar). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.31258/jil.16.1.p.100-108
Suhardjo, I., & Suparman, M. (2025). Harmonizing sustainability certification standards: the Indonesian palm oil case.
International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 28(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.22434/ifamr.1218
Vicki, V., Nurliza, N., & Dolorosa, E. (2021). Niat Perilaku Petani Sawit Swadaya Dalam Peningkatan Usaha Berkelanjutan Di Kabupaten Sambas Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 18(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v18i1.48546
Wibowo, L. R., Erdi, E., Hutabarat, S., Nurfatriani, F. N., Utomo, M., Nawireja, I. K., Pramudya, E. P., Kurniasari, D. R., Cahyono, E., Kurniadi, R., Santosa, A., Fuad, Z., & Satwiko, A. A. (2023). Accelerating Certification of Oil Palm Smallholders through Institutionalization of Various Incentives. Forest and Society, 7(2), 263–294. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i2.24679
Widiati, W., Mulyadi, A., Syahza, A., & Mubarak. (2020). Analysis of Plantation Management Achievement Based on Sustainable Development. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(4), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150418
Yanita, M., & Ningsih, R. (2020). Kajian Tata Kelola dan Aksesibilitas Pembiayaan Menuju Keberlanjutan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Swadaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian, 5(5), 152. https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v5i5.14261
Yanita, M., & Ningsih, R. (2021). Social and economic characteristics of ISPO certified oil palm smallholders. E3S Web of Conferences, 306, 02053. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602053